Brno, Czech Republic

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Farmakologie a toxikologie

Language: Czech Studies in Czech
Subject area: medicine, health care
University website: www.muni.cz/
Years of study: 4
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
Toxicology
Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the dosage (and whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. Toxicologists are experts on poisons and poisoning.
EU-funded scientists successfully developed a system that generates electricity from low-temperature waste heat ranging from 60 to 120 °C. Harnessing low-grade heat should help to significantly mitigate the negative environmental impact of industrial plants.
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