Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Enhancing the efficiency of propulsion can reduce fuel consumption and emissions in the air transport sector. Novel concepts such as multiple distributed propulsion systems and integration of propulsion into the airframe could help achieve goals.