Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Researchers from Brazil and Europe are sharing knowledge through work exchanges in the field of geosciences. The aim is to gain greater understanding and skills in geochemistry and dealing with pyrometallurgical waste recycling in agriculture.