Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Researchers have shown for the first time how Arctic rivers are transporting vast quantities of organic carbon into the oceans. This process occurs as the permafrost melts, which is due to climate change.
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