Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Radiation isn't the only problem of burying radioactive waste deep underground — waste also produces dangerous gases. An EU-funded project has forged a better understanding of how waste gases flow around and out of geological repositories to help national organisations ensure the process is safe.