Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
An EU study addressed the weaknesses of integrated assessment models (IAMs) in predicting the economic effects of climate change. The project revealed large uncertainties about the effects in several regions, and created more accurate modelling techniques.
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