Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
The EU lacks a roadmap that states what powers it has and how best to use them in protecting marine biodiversity in the Arctic region. An EU-funded initiative aimed to examine Europe's capability in addressing such issues.