Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Renewable energy resources (RES) such as wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and biomass can significantly offset the world's demand for fossil fuel-derived electricity. A new EU study points the way to expansion of current networks to efficiently integrate RES.