Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Joint efforts between China and the EU have helped to ensure that the nuclear power industry has state-of-the-art methods and data for assessing safety-critical software.