Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.
Although the Earth is a rocky planet, many aqueous dynamic processes take place beneath its surface making it unique among terrestrial planets. New insight into the role of fluids on properties of materials is directly relevant to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.