Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but usually is 1 to 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).
An EU funded PAGE21 project aims to understand the interactions between the global climate system and the frozen ground. It quantifies the permafrost thaw, measures the carbon and nitrogen emissions from permafrost zones and investigates emissions’ effects on climate change.